Wormwood, bitterleaf, spiny devil’s club – no, this isn’t the latest menu on Fear Factor. These are just some of the many thousands of plants that make their way from the world’s forests, fields and deserts into your medicine cabinet and onto the shelves of your local vitamin store. Plants and other natural products are included in the health care of eight out of 10 people alive today.
In the new exhibition “Nature’s Pharmacy: The Healing Power of Plants” on view February 25 through October 16, 2005, the Conservatory of Flowers takes visitors on a virtual journey to Africa, Asia, South and North America to learn about medicinal plants, their many uses and the issues that surround them.
Visitors enter the exhibition and are instantly immersed in the sights, sounds and scents of four culturally themed market places. Here, amongst the stalls, they will be able to view living specimens of many healing plants and learn how some are cultivated and processed into medicines. Four giant interactive models of important plants like the Calabar Bean also help to create an intriguing and information-rich environment.
First stop Africa, where visitors learn about Barbados aloe (also known as aloe vera), a plant whose medicinal properties were recognized at least 3,500 years ago by the ancient Egyptians. The gel extracted from its pulpy leaves is now used world wide as a topical treatment for burns and skin disorders as well as a health drink. Visitors can also take a close up look at an over-sized calabar bean pod. The calabar bean is the source of physostigmine, which relieves the symptoms of glaucoma. It’s also being studied for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. But one man’s medicine is another man’s poison. This helpful plant was traditionally used as a deadly test of guilt or innocence in Nigeria. The accused was forced to drink a poison made from the beans. If he survived, he was proven innocent. If not, well…the punishment was obviously built into the test.
Next, visitors cross the Atlantic to North America to learn a lesson in sustainability with the story of the Pacific yew tree. The cancer-fighting drug paclitaxel (Taxol) was originally isolated in the bark of this tree, but harvesting it meant killing the whole tree, and the supply couldn’t meet the demand for the drug. Researchers quickly found an alternative, extracting a similar chemical from the leaves and twigs of living European yews. Recently, more advances have been made as drug manufacturers have begun producing plant cell cultures from which they can extract the paclitaxel, saving native habitat and significantly reducing waste. Visitors are also introduced to some of the many plants Native Americans have used medicinally for hundreds of years including spiny devil’s club. A large model shows the parts of this beneficial plant in detail and illustrates how remedies were derived from each for such things as colds, coughs and bronchitis.
Then it’s on to Asia where herbal medicines have been the mainstay of treatment for thousands of years. In China, more than 1 billion people rely on such things as ginkgo to delay mental deterioration and dong quai for balancing the female hormone system. Cultivating some plants, however, can reap a bushel of trouble too. Asia is the source of most of the world’s legal and illicit supply of opium. Sap from opium poppies is processed into important painkillers such as morphine, codeine and noscapine. But the poppy fields of Afghanistan are the source for 75% of the illegal opium from which heroin is derived.
Back across the Pacific, visitors enter South America where the destruction of the rain forest is endangering more than parrots and jaguars. Less than twenty percent of the 250,000 known plant species have been investigated medicinally. As the forest is cleared, we could be losing the cure for diabetes, cancer, HIV/AIDS or other diseases. One such revolutionary cure in the past was quinine, derived from the bark of cinchona. This important alkaloid became one of the most important treatments for malaria worldwide. Visitors also learn the benefits of the common chili pepper, used traditionally to soothe upset stomachs and even as a salve for arthritis. Working with models of four common peppers, visitors rank their heat according to the amount of the capsaicin compound in each.
To complement the exhibition, the Conservatory of Flowers will offer a series of lectures in spring 2005 by some of the nation’s leading researchers of medicinal plants including Mark Plotkin, a renowned ethnobotanist hailed by Time Magazine in 1999 as an environmental “Hero for the Planet” and author of the book Tales of a Shaman’s Apprentice, Nigel Wrench, a BBC reporter who covers biopiracy issues. For more information about “Nature’s Pharmacy: The Healing Power of Plants,” related public programs and the Conservatory of Flowers itself, the public should visit
https://www.conservatoryofflowers.org or call (415) 666-7001.